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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy |
the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another; the "what" |
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physiology |
the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities; the "why" |
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complementarity of structure and function |
form relates to function |
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gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) |
the study of large body structures |
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regional anatomy |
all the structures in a particular region of a body are examined at the same time |
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systemic anatomy |
body structure is studied system by system |
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surface anatomy |
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface |
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microscopic anatomy |
examines structures too small to be seen with the naked eye |
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cytology |
the study of the cells of the body |
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histology |
the study of tissues |
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developmental anatomy |
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan |
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embryology |
concerns developmental changes that occur before birth; a subdivision of developmental anatomy |
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pathological anatomy |
the study of structural changes caused by disease |
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radiographic anatomy |
studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures |
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molecular biology |
the study of the structure of biological molecules |
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anatomical terminology |
standardization of medical terms for relating ideas to others |
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chemistry |
the branch of science that deals with chemical reactions that occur in the body |
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physics |
the branch of science that deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy |
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1. chemical |
6 levels of structural organization |
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chemical level |
the level where atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins |
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atom |
the basic unit of a chemical element |
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molecule |
created by atoms bonded together |
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cell |
the smallest unit of living things |
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tissue |
groups of similar cells that have a common function |
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1. epithelium 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous |
4 types of tissue |
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organ |
a structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function in the body |
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organ system |
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
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organism |
the sum total of all structure levels working together to keep us alive |
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integumentary system |
system that forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D; skin, hair, and nails |
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skeletal system |
system that protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework for muscles; bone, cartilage, and joints |
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muscular system |
system that allows for movement, manipulation, and facial expression; muscles, tendons |
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nervous system |
system responsible for fast-acting communication and control; brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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endocrine system |
system responsible for slow communication and control via hormones; glands |
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cardiovascular system |
system that transports oxygen (blood), nutrients, and wastes; heart and blood vessels |
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lymphatic system |
system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, also involved in immunity; lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, and spleen |
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respiratory system |
system that supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
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digestive system |
system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; oral cavity and GI tract |
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urinary system |
system that eliminates wastes, and regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood; kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
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reproductive system |
system including the cells, tissues, and organs necessary for reproduction |
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1. boundaries |
8 necessary life functions |
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maintenance of boundaries |
keeping the internal environment separate from the external environment; cell membrane, skin |
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movement |
the activities promoted by the muscular system; peristalsis (internal), locomotion (external) |
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contractility |
the muscle cell's ability to contract by shortening |
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responsiveness (excitability) |
the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them |
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digestion |
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood |
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metabolism |
broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells |
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catabolism |
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks |
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anabolism |
synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances |
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cellular respiration |
using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP |
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excretion |
the process of removing wastes |
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reproduction |
the production of offspring |
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growth |
an increase in body size of a body part or the organism as a whole |
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1. nutrients 2. oxygen 3. water 4. temperature 5. atmospheric pressure |
5 survival needs |
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nutrients |
contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building; proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals |
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carbohydrates |
nutrients that are the major energy fuel for body cells |
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proteins |
nutrients that are essential for building cell structures |
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fats |
nutrients that provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel; can also be used to build cell structures |
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oxygen |
required for chemical reactions that release energy; approximately 20% of the air we breathe |
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water |
provides the environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions; 60-80% of body weight and the most abundant chemical substance in the body |
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normal body temperature (37° C, 98.6° F) |
necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates |
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atmospheric pressure |
the force that air exerts on the surface of the body; necessary for breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
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homeostasis |
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously |
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dynamic equilibrium |
some change and variation but with narrow limits; used to describe homeostasis |
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variable |
a factor or event being regulated |
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receptor |
some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes |
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stimuli |
changes in the environment |
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control center |
determines the set point, the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained |
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set point |
level or range that a variable should be maintained |
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effector |
provides the means for the control center's response to a stimulu |
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negative feedback mechanism |
system in which the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; ex. body temperature, blood glucose levels |
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positive feedback mechanism |
system in which the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated; labor contractions, blood clotting |
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homeostatic imbalance |
a disturbance of homeostasis caused by disease |
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anatomical position |
standard body position, with the body erect and feet slightly apart, and the palms facing forward |
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directional terms |
explain where one body structure is in relation to another |
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sagittal plane |
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
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midsagittal plane (median plane) |
a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline of the body |
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parasagittal plane |
sagittal planes offset from the midline |
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frontal plane (coronal plane) |
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior |
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transverse plane (horizontal plane) |
plane that runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
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cross section |
another name for a transverse section |
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oblique sections |
cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes; seldom used |
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dorsal body cavity |
body cavity that protects the fragile nervous system organs; divided into cranial and spinal |
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cranial cavity |
cavity encasing the brain |
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vertebral cavity (spinal cavity) |
cavity encasing the spinal cord |
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ventral body cavity |
body cavity housing the internal organs; divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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viscera |
internal body organs housed by the ventral body cavity |
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thoracic cavity |
cavity surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest; divided into pleural and mediastinum |
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pleural cavity |
cavities enveloping the lungs |
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mediastinal cavity |
cavity containing the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, and also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs |
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pericardial cavity |
cavity containing the heart |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
inferior cavity divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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abdominal cavity |
cavity containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs |
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pelvic cavity |
cavity containing the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum |
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serous membrane (serosa) |
a thin, double-layered membrane covering the walls of the ventral body cavity and organs |
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1. parietal 2. visceral |
2 types of serous membranes |
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parietal serosa |
part of the serous membrane lining the cavity walls |
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visceral serosa |
part of the serous membrane covering the organs |
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serous fluid |
a thin layer of lubricating fluid separating the serous membranes |
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pericardium |
the serous membrane that covers the heart |
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pleura |
the serous membrane that covers the lungs |
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peritoneum |
the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs |
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1. oral 2. nasal 3. orbital 4. middle ear 5. synovial |
5 smaller body cavities |
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1. right hypochondriac 2. epigastric 3. left hypochondriac 4. right lumbar 5. umbilical 6. left lumbar 7. right iliac 8. hypogastric 9. left iliac |
9 abdominopelvic regions |
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1. right upper quadrant 2. left upper quadrant 3. right lower quadrant 4. left lower quadrant |
4 abdominopelvic quadrants |
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superior (cranial) |
toward the head or upper part of the body; above |
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inferior (caudal) |
toward the lower part of the body; below |
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ventral (anterior) |
toward the front of the body; in front of |
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dorsal (posterior) |
toward the back of the body; behind |
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medial |
toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
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lateral |
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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intermediate |
between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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proximal |
closer to the point of attachment |
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distal |
farther from the point of attachment |
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superficial (external) |
toward or at the body surface |
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deep (internal) |
away from the body surface; more internal |