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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general function of the digestive system?
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to breakdown and absorb food
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What are the 7 primary components of the digestive system?
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mouth (buccal cavity = oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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The digestive system components remain in the same order in all mammals, but where does variation occur?
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length, size and function of the parts
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What are the 6 accessory components of the digestive system?
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
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What are the 6 steps involved in digestion?
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prehension (reception of food), mechanical breakdown (teeth), chemical breakdown (enzymes), movement of the food (peristalsis), absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes (expulsion of waste or excess)
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What are the salivary glands?
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located within the oral cavity. they secrete a watery substance that contains digestive enzymes, mucous and serous fluid. used primarily to begin the digestive process. the saliva is used primarily to moisten the food and help form a bolus.
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What are the 4 major salivary glands?
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parotid, mandibular, sublingual and zygomatic
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Describe the hard palate
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rigid, bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth. separates the nasal passages from the oral cavity. helps in the position of food so it can be swallowed.
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Name one abnormality of the hard palate
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cleft palate where the hard palate is not closed at birth
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Describe the soft palate
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soft, fleshy extension located caudally to the hard palate
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Name one abnormality of the soft palate
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in some dogs (eg bulldog) the soft palate hangs further, therefore noisy or difficult breathing can occur
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Describe the structure and function of the epiglottis
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cartilage flap, prevents food from entering into trachea
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Describe the structure and function of the pharynx
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common chamber/region that air, food and water travel through, joins the GI and respiratory system
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Describe the structure and function of the esophagus
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muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx and transports it to the stomach, opening is beside the trachea therefore it is important not to aspirate
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Describe the structure and function of the stomach
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divided into external and internal section that secrete different substances. main function is that of a reservoir/storage area. is where digestion occurs (mechanical and chemical) with enzymes
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What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
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esophageal, cardiac, fundic, pyloric
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What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
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1. duodenum, comes off the stomach, approx 5% 2. jejunum, approx 90% 3. ileum, closest to the large intestine, 5%
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What are the 4 functions of the small intestine?
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absorption, transport of food, protection (lymphoid tissue acts as a line of defense to attack foreign particles), secretion (digestive enzymes)
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What are the 4 components of the large intestine?
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cecum (blind sac between ilium and large intestine), colon (large, small), rectum, anus
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What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?
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1. absorption (main function) of water, vitamins, minerals. 2. secretes mucous to hold feces together and help with passage. 3. storage of feces in the rectum.
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What is PERISTALSIS?
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when food moves by an involuntary, wavelike movement produced by circular and longitudinal muscles
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What is the location of the liver?
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caudal to the diaphragm and oriented twoards the right side of the animal
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What are the 5 functions of the liver?
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1. remove excess glucose from blood. 2. glucose storage. 3. production of bile (through hepatocytes), digestion of fat 4. detoxification - harmful substances in the blood are detoxified. 5. absorption of fat soluble vitamins
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Where is the gall bladder located and what is its function?
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located under the liver. it stores bile for later use. bile emulsifies fat, which means it breaks it down into smaller droplets so it can be acted on and digested.
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What two animals do not have a gall bladder?
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rats and horses
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Where is the pancreas located?
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it is adjacent to the duodenum, contained in the loop of the duodenum in the right cranial part of the abdomen.
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What is the pancreas and what does it include?
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a glandular structure, including the exocrine and endocrine gland
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What is the function of the pancreas' exocrine gland?
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produces digestive enzymes (eg. Trysin, Lipose and Amylase), secrete outwardly via ducts
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What is the function of the pancreas' endocrine gland?
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secretes substances INternally into bloodstream to be circulated throughout the body. hormones like insulin and glucagons (regulates blood sugar)
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Name 3 conditions which can result when the pancreas does not function properly?
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diabetes mellitus, digestive problems because of digestive enzymes, pancreatitis
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The type of dentition is dependent on the type of _____ consumed by the ______
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diet, animal
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What are deciduous (or primary) teeth?
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temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity
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What are "retained deciduous teeth"?
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teeth that do not shed and may be extracted professionally (often at the time of spaying or neutering)
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What are the 4 types of teeth?
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incisor, canine, premolar, molar
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What is Occlusion?
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any contact between the chewing surfaces of the teeth
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Explain normal occulusion
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aka "scissor bite", specific positioning of certain teeth
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Why is normal occulusion important?
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proper mastication, self-cleaning, decrease in the chance of oral trauma
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What is Malocclusion?
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any change to the normal occlusion or "scissor bite"
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What are the problems that occur with malocclusion?
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tooth wear (due to excessive rubbing), gingivitis/periodontitis (decreased self-cleaning), premature tooth loss (due to increased gingivitis/periodontis), oral trauma, system disease caused by gingivitis/periodontitis or trauma
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At what age do dogs and cats get their permanent teeth?
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dogs 3-7 mos, cats 3-5 months
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What are 4 types of GI systems?
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monogastric, ruminant, cecal/caecal, avian
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What are examples of animals with monogastric systems?
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human, dogs, pig, cat
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What are the main differences between the monogastric system and the ruminant system?
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ruminant system has a compound stomach, oral cavity is different (tongue very muscular, no canine teeth, increased number of molar/grinding teeth)
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What are examples of animals with a ruminant system?
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cattle, goats, camels, sheep, deer, moose
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What are the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach?
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rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
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Describe the Rumen and give its 3 functions
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accounts for 80% of the volume of the stomach, functions: storage, mix contents (movement), fermentation (contains microbes and can utilize the cellulose from diet)
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Describe the reticulum and give its 1 function
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aka "honeycomb", most cranial compartment, accounts for 5% stomach volume, due to its location it acts as catch basin for heavy objects that may be consumed (nails, wire, metal). its function is that it initiates movement that occurs in the rumen
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Describe the Omasum and give it's 3 functions
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"book" stomach, approx 7% of stomach volume, contains "leaf-like" structures that increase surface area for water absorption and to grind. functions include: absorption of water (squeeze fluid out of food), mechanical grinding of food, remove bicarbonate so it does not neutralize the acid in the abomasum
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Describe the Abomasum and give its 1 function
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aka "the true glandular stomach", approx 8% of stomach volume, function is to secrete digestive enzymes.
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What is the esophageal groove?
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aka reticular groove, it is 2 muscular folds that are stimulated by the suckling action of the calf. this allows milk to bypass the rumen and move directly into the abomasum. if milk travels to the rumen it cannot be digested and will sit and get sour
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Describe the Rumination process
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It is a process that enables the ruminant to ingest food quickly and chew it at a later time. Food is brought back up from the rumen to the mouth. The four phases are: Regurgitation, Remastication, Resalivation, Reswallowing.
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What is ERUCTATION?
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belching
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What is BACTERIAL FERMENTATION?
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use of billions of microbes found in the rumen to accomplish the digestion of fibrous diet. produces methan gas. herbivores need to utilize bacterial fermentation due to the type of diet they consume.
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What is HARDWARE DISEASE?
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often seen in cattle on pasture, a condition where "junk" heavier items get caught in the reticulum. because of muscular contractions, they could penetrate through the lining of the reticulum and puncture other organs such as the diaphragm, liver or spleen. may become infected (peritonitis)
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What are examples of animals with a CECAL system?
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horse, hamster, rabbit, rat
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What are the 3 major differences between the monogastric and the cecal system?
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1. oral cavity a) herbivores, therefore dentition is altered b) strong tongue and lips c) no canine teeth d) need grinding teeth. 2. Stomach a) quite small, less glandular. 3. Large Intestine a) extremely large cecum b) contains microbes for digestion to accommodate fibrous diet
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What are the major differences in the avian digestive system?
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oral cavity, beak type, stomach
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Explain how the Oral cavity & beak type is different in avians?
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oral cavity does not contain heavy jaw bones and is missing teeth (decreases weight for flying), tongue is mainly used for positioning, beak type depends on the diet of the bird (insect eaters have thin beak, seed eaters have heavy beak, meat eaters have sharp beak)
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What are the compartments of the Avian stomach?
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crop, proventriculus, gizzard/ventriculus
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Describe the CROP
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esophageal enlargement, mainly storage area, also moistens and softens food, crop milk (food is moistened and regurgitated to feed young)
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Describe the PROVENTRICULUS
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most like monogastric stomach, glandular, add enzymes for chemical digestion
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Describe the GIZZARD/VENTRICULUS
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muscular stomach, mechanical digestion due to muscular contractions, contains grit to break down food
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Explain difference between soluble and insoluble grit?
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soluable is eventually digested (eg. calcium) and may add nutritional value to diet. insoluble is never broken down (eg gravel) and has no nutritional value.
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