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145 Cards in this Set
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Two Principal Types of Grapes |
White grapes and black grapes |
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Black grape skins contain |
Tannins and color |
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Grape pulp contains |
Grape juice which is made up of water, sugar and acid |
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Effect of tannins on mouthfeel |
It makes your mouth feel dry. |
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Two things needed for alcoholic fermentation |
Sugar and yeast. |
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Two products of alcoholic fermentation |
Alcohol and carbon dioxide. |
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Definition of yeast |
The microscopic organisms that eat sugar and convert it into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. |
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How is the level of alcohol in a wine usually measured? |
Alcohol by volume (ABV) in percentage units |
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Three main stages of grape growing |
1. Flowering. 2. Flower becomes grapes. 3. Grapes ripen.
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Three characteristics of cool climate regions |
Low average temperatures, weaker sunlight and grapes struggle to ripen in some years. |
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Are Germany and Northern France cool or warm climate regions? |
Cool climates |
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Which type of grape is commonly grown in cool climate regions? |
White grapes |
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What effect does a cooler climate have on the grapes? |
Lower sugar and higher acidity levels. |
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What are three characteristics of warm climate regions? |
High average temperatures, more intense sunlight and grapes ripen consistently. |
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Are South Africa and Southern France cool or warm climate regions? |
Warm climate regions. |
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Which type of grape is commonly grown in warm climate regions? |
Black grapes |
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What effect does a warmer climate have on the grapes? |
Higher sugar and lower acidity levels. |
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What types of grapes can be used to make red and rose wines? |
Black grapes. |
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What grapes can be used to make white wines? |
White grapes and black grapes. |
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Why is it possible to make white wine with black grapes? |
Only the pulp is needed to produce grape juice, which is colorless and suitable for white wine production. |
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What are the stages of white wine production? |
Crushing, pressing, fermentation, maturation and bottling. |
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What are the stages of red wine production? |
Crushing, fermentation, draining, pressing, maturation and bottling. |
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What are the stages of rose wine production? |
Crushing, fermentation, draining, maturation and bottling. |
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What are the key differences of red wine production and rose wine production? |
For rose wines, juice is drained from the skins after only a few hours and it finishes fermentation without the skins and is pink in color. For red wines, juice is drained off the skins after fermentation is finished. |
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What are the three main types of wine? |
Still, sparkling and fortified. |
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What is the range of ABV for the majority of still wines? |
From 11.5% to 14%. |
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What type of wine are Sancerre (France), Rioja (Spain) and Chianti (Italy) examples of? |
Still wine. |
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What causes the bubbles or fizz in sparkling wines? |
Carbon dioxide gas. |
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What is the definition of fortified wines? |
Wines that have extra alcohol added to them which lead to higher levels of alcohol. |
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What type of wine are Champagne (France), Cava (Spain) and Prosecco (Italy) examples of? |
Sparkling wine. |
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What is the range of ABV for the majority of fortified wines? |
From 15% to 22%. |
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What type of wine are Sherry (Spain) and Port (Portugal) examples of? |
Fortified wine. |
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What are the three main styles of wine? |
White, red and rose. |
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What style of still wine are Chablis and Riesling examples of? |
White wine. |
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What style of still wine are Chianti and Cabernet Sauvignon examples of? |
Red wine. |
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What style of still wine is White Zinfandel an example of? |
Rose wine. |
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What are the five notable structural characteristics of wine? |
Sweetness, acidity, tannin, alcohol and body |
SATAB |
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Which notable characteristic is only found in red wines? |
Tannin. |
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What causes the sweetness of a wine? |
The presence of sugar in the wine. |
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Name the three levels of sweetness that can vary in wines. |
Dry, medium and sweet. |
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Which level of sweetness do the majority of wines fall under? |
Dry. |
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What is the key way of making a dry wine? |
The yeast needs to convert all of the sugar in the grape juice into alcohol. |
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Are wines like Chablis and Sauvignon Blanc dry, medium or sweet? |
Dry. |
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Which style(s) will most of the wines with a medium level of sweetness fall under? |
White and rose. |
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What are the two key ways of making a medium wine? |
1. The yeast are removed before all of the sugar is converted into alcohol. 2. Unfermented grape juice is added to a dry wine. |
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Are wines like White Zinfandel (rose), some German Rieslings and some Sherries dry, medium or sweet? |
Medium |
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What are two key ways of making a sweet wine? |
1. The grapes are so high in sugar the yeast stop fermenting before they eat all of the sugar. 2. In the case of fortified wines, the yeast are killed by the addition of high-strength distilled alcohol before they have eaten all of the sugar. |
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Are wines like Sauternes, some German Riesling, Port and some Sherries dry, medium or sweet? |
Sweet. |
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Why is acidity important in a wine? |
It gives wines a refreshing characteristic that makes your mouth water and balances out any sweetness to stop it from being unpleasantly sweet. |
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Do wines like Chablis, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir have high or low acidity levels? |
High acidity levels. |
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What taste and texture do tannins bring in a wine? |
Tannins taste bitter and cause your mouth to feel dry. |
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Do wines like Red Bordeaux and Chianti have high or low tannin levels? |
High tannin levels. |
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Do wines like Beaujolais and Pinot Noir have high or low tannin levels? |
Low tannin levels. |
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What levels of alcohol (ABV) do the majority of still and sparkling wines fall under? |
From 11.5% and 14%. |
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Is Chateauneuf-du-Pape a high or low alcohol wine? |
High alcohol. |
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Is White Zinfandel a high or low alcohol wine? |
Low alcohol. |
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What does the body of a wine mean? |
The overall feel of a wine in your mouth. |
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Name the three levels of body that can vary in wines. |
Light, medium and full. |
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Are Pinot Grigio and Beaujolais light-bodied, medium-bodies or full-bodies wines? |
Light-bodied. |
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Are Sancerre and Cotes du Rhone light-bodied, medium-bodied or full-bodied wines? |
Medium-bodied. |
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Are Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauternes light-bodied, medium-bodied or full-bodied wine? |
Full-bodied. |
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Where do aromas and flavors of a wine come from? |
Some come from the grapes themselves; others develop during the winemaking and maturation. |
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What fruit aromas can be found in a cool climate Chardonnay? |
Green fruits (apple) and citrus fruits (lemon). |
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What fruit aromas can be found in a warm climate Chardonnay? |
Stone fruits (peach) and tropical fruits (pineapple). |
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What makes oak aromas in a wine? |
Fermentation and/or maturation in oak barrels. |
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What source gives aromas like cedar, cloves, coconut and vanilla? |
Oak. |
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What are the principal white grape varieties? |
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinto Grigio and Riesling. |
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Does Chardonnay have low, medium or high acidity in cool climates? |
Cool climate: high. |
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Does Chardonnay have low, medium or high acidity in warm climates? |
Warm climate: medium. |
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Is Chardonnay light-, medium-, or full-bodied in cool climates? |
Cool climate: light- to medium-bodied. |
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Is Chardonnay light-, medium-, or full-bodied in warm climates? |
Warm climate: medium- to full-bodied. |
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What aromas does Chardonnay have in cool climates? |
Cool climate: Green fruit (e.g. apple) and citrus (e.g. lemon) |
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What aromas does Chardonnay have in warm climates? |
Warm climate: stone fruit (e.g. peach) and tropical fruit (e.g. pineapple, banana) |
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Which three regions are known for producing Chardonnay? |
Burgundy (France), Australia and California (U.S.) |
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Do Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Grigio and Riesling have low, medium or high acidity? |
High. |
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Is Sauvignon Blanc light-, medium-bodied-, or full-bodied? |
Medium-bodied. |
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What aromas does Sauvignon Blanc have? |
Green fruit (e.g. apple), Citrus (e.g. lemon) and Herbaceous (e.g. asparagus) |
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What two regions are known for producing Sauvignon Blanc? |
New Zealand and Sancerre (France). |
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Is Pinot Grigio light-, medium- or full-bodied? |
Light-bodied. |
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What aromas does Pinot Grigio have? |
Pear and lemon. |
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What region is known for producing Pinot Grigio? |
Italy. |
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Is Riesling light-, medium-, or full-bodied? |
Light- to medium-bodied. |
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What aromas does Riesling have? |
Floral, green fruits (e.g. apple), citrus (e.g. lime) and stone fruits (e.g. apricot) |
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Which three regions are known for producing Riesling? |
Germany, Alsace (France) and Australia. |
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Which white grape variety is often used to produce wines with a range of sweetness, from dry to sweet? |
Riesling. |
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What are the black principal grape varieties? |
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Syrah/Shiraz. |
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Do Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir have low, medium or high acidity? |
High. |
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Is Cabernet Sauvignon light-, medium- or full-bodied? |
Medium- to full-bodied. |
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Does Cabernet Sauvignon have low, medium or high tannin levels? |
High. |
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What aromas does Cabernet Sauvignon have? |
Black fruits (e.g. black currant), herbaceous (e.g. green bell pepper) and oak (e.g. vanilla). |
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Which region is known for blending Cabernet Sauvignon with Merlot? |
Bordeaux. |
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Which four regions are known for producing Cabernet Sauvignon? |
California (U.S.), Australia, Chile and South Africa. |
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Is Pinot Noir light-, medium-, or full-bodied? |
Light-bodied. |
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Does Pinot Noir have low, medium or high tannin levels? |
Low. |
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What aromas does Pinot Noir have? |
Red fruits (e.g. strawberry) and oak (e.g. clove) |
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Pinot Noir and Chardonnay can be blended to make which sparkling wine from the level 1 syllabus? |
Champagne. |
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Which two regions are known for producing Pinot Noir? |
Burgundy (France) and New Zealand. |
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Do Merlot and Syrah/Shiraz have low, medium or high acidity? |
Medium. |
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Are Merlot and Syrah/Shiraz light-, medium-, or full-bodied? |
Medium- to full-bodied. |
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Does Merlot have low, medium or high tannin levels? |
Medium. |
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What aromas does Merlot have? |
Red fruits (e.g. plum), black fruits (e.g. black cherry) and oak (e.g. vanilla). |
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What two regions are known for producing Merlot? |
Chile and California (U.S.). |
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Does Syrah/Shiraz have low, medium or high tannin levels? |
High. |
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What aromas does Syrah/Shiraz have? |
Black fruits (e.g. blackberry), spices (black pepper) and oak (e.g. coconut). |
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Which two regions are known for producing Syrah/Shiraz? |
The Northern Rhône (France) and Australia. |
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Why are the terms Syrah and Shiraz used interchangeably? |
Syrah is the name known in France and Shiraz in Australia. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Champagne. |
A French sparkling wine made from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. Typically dry, highly acidic with aromas of green fruits (apple) and citrus (lemon) and bread notes. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Sancerre. |
A dry-medium-bodies French white whine made from Sauvignon Blanc. Typically unpacked with high acidity and pronounced green fruit (apple) and herbaceous (grass) aromas. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Chablis. |
A dry, light-bodies French white wine made from Chardonnay. Unpacked with high acidity, green fruit (apple) and citrus (lemon) aromas. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Burgundy. |
Wines from Burgundy/Bourgogne area of France that can either be white or red. |
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Explain the key characteristics of White Burgundy. |
Made from Chardonnay. Dry, medium- bodied, and show riper fruit flavors than Chablis, such as citrus (lemon) and stone fruits (peach). |
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Explain the key characteristics of Red Burgundy. |
Made from Pinot Noir, typically dry, low in tannins, light-bodies with high acidity and have red fruits (raspberry, red cherry) and sometimes oak (vanilla and cloves) flavors. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Bordeaux. |
Wines from the Bordeaux area of France are most often red. High in acidity and tannins, dry and medium- to full-bodied with aromas of black fruits (blackberry and black currant) and cedar notes from oak. They are typically a blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Prosecco. |
Light-bodied Italian sparkling white wine with green fruit (pear) and floral aromas. Can either be dry or medium in sweetness. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Cava. |
Dry Spanish sparkling wine with fruit flavors of green fruit (pear) and citrus (lemon). |
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Explain the key characteristics of White Zinfandel. |
Unoaked Californian rose wine with low alcohol, medium level of sweetness and flavors of red fruits (strawberry and raspberry). |
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Explain the key characteristics of Beaujolais. |
Dry, light-bodied, unoaked French red wine. Fresh flavors of red fruits (raspberry, red cherry) and low tannins. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Cotes du Rhône. |
Dry, medium-bodied French red wine that can be oaked or unoaked, with red fruit (strawberry, plum) and peppery flavors. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Chianti. |
Dry, medium-bodied Italian red wine with high tannin and acidity. Red fruit flavors (red cherry, plum) and aromas of cloves from oak. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Rioja. |
Dry, medium- to full-bodied red wine from Spain. Typically has red fruit (strawberry) and vanilla flavors from oak. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Chateauneuf-du-Pape |
Dry, full-bodied, high alcohol red wine from France that shows red fruit (strawberry) and clove flavors from oak. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Sauternes. |
Sweet white wine made in Bordeaux. Full-bodied with flavors of stone fruits (apricot), honey and vanilla (from oak) and a balancing high acidity. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Sherry. |
Fortified white wine from Spain. Made in a range of styles and can be dry, medium or sweet. |
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Explain the key characteristics of Port. |
Fortified wine from Portugal. Sweet, high in alcohol, and made in a range of styles. Typically red, full-bodied, with high tannins and black fruit (blackberry) flavors. |
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Which two conditions are recommended for long-term storage of wines? |
1. Cool and constant temperature, as extremes and significant changes in temperature can damage a wine. 2. Away from strong sunshine and bright artificial light, as light and heat generated can cause a wine to taste stale and old. |
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How should wine be stored if it is sealed with a cork? |
On its side to ensure that the cork remains in contact with the wine and stays moist. |
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How could a wine be stored if it is sealed with a screw cap? |
On its side or standing up. |
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Which style (s) of wine are recommended to be served well chilled? |
Sweet wines (6-8 C/43-45 F) and Sparkling wines (6-10 C/43-50 F) |
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Which style(s) of wine are recommended to be served chilled? |
Light-, medium-bodied white and rose (7-10 C/ 45-50 F) |
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Which style(s) of wine are recommended to be served lightly chilled? |
Full-bodied white (10-13 C/ 50-55 F) and Light-bodied red (13 C/ 55 F) |
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Which style(s) of wine are recommended to be served in room temperature? |
Medium- to full-bodied red (15-18 C/ 59-64 F) |
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What are the differences of glassware used to serve different styles of wine? |
Typically, red wine glasses are slightly larger than white wine glasses and sparkling wines are served in flutes. |
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What are the three steps of opening a bottle of still wine that is sealed with a cork? |
1. Remove the top of the capsule either with a capsule remover or a corkscrew, then clean the neck of the bottle with a cloth. 2. Center the corkscrew in the middle of the cork. Screw it into the cork and draw the cork out gently. 3. Once the cork is removed, wipe around the inside and outside of the neck with a cloth. |
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What are the three steps of opening a bottle of sparkling wine that is sealed with a wire cage? |
1. Remove the foil and loosen the wire cage. As soon as the wire cage has been loosened, you must keep the cork covered with your hand until it is safely out of the bottle. 2. Hold the bottle at angle, the cork in one hand and the base of the bottle in the other. Holding the cork, turn the bottle. 3. Holding the cork firmly so that the pressure in the bottle does not force the cork out too quickly. The pressure can be released with a quiet “phut” without any loss of wine. |
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What are the three steps to ensure the quality of wine being served? |
1. Check the appearance: haziness could indicate that the wine in faulty. 2. Check that there are no floating bits. 3. Check the aroma: the wine should not smell stale or have aromas of wet cardboard or vinegar. |
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What are the two types of systems that can be used to extend the life of a wine? |
Vacuum Systems and Blanket systems. |
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How do Vacuum Systems keep wines away from the air? |
These systems rely on a pump to remove the air from inside the bottle. |
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How do Blanket Systems keep wines away from the air? |
These systems pump a gas into the bottle which pushes the air out of the bottle. The gas will not harm the wine. |
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When food is sweet, wine seems... |
More drying, bitter and acidic; less sweet and fruity. |
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When food is umami, wine seems... |
More drying, bitter and acidic; less sweet and fruity. |
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When food is salty, wine seems... |
Less drying, bitter and acidic; more fruity and body. |
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When food is acidic, wine seems... |
Less drying, bitter and acidic; more sweet and fruity. |
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When food is highly flavored, wine seems... |
Overwhelmed by the food flavors. |
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When food is fatty/oily, wine seems... |
Less acidic. |
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When food is hot (chilli), wine seems... |
To increase the heat from the chilli, alcohol in the wine seems more noticeable. |
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