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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define:
Aldose |
A sugar produced by reduction of an aldose or ketose to a polyhydroxy alcohol
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Define:
Aldonic acid |
A sugar produced by oxidation of an aldose aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid group.
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Define:
Aldose |
A sugar whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde.
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Define:
α anomer |
Sugars that differ only in the configuration around the anomeric carbon.
In the α anomer, the OH substituent of the anomeric carbon is on the opposite side of the ring from the CH₂OH group at the chiral center that designates the D or L configuration. In the β anomer, the OH substituent is on the same side. |
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Define:
α-glycoside |
A molecule containing a saccharide and another molecule linked by a glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon in a α configuation (α-glycoside) or β configuration (β-glycoside)
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Define:
Amino Sugar |
A sugar in which one or more OH groups are replaced by an amino group, which is often acetylated.
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Define:
Anomeric Carbon |
The carbonyl carbon of a monosaccharide, which becomes a chiral center when the sugar cyclizes to a hemiacetal or a hemiketal.
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Define:
β-glycoside |
A molecule containing a saccharide and another molecule linked by a glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon in a α configuation (α-glycoside) or β configuration (β-glycoside)
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Define:
Carbohydrate |
A compound with the formula (C - H₂O)_n where n>=3.
Also called a saccharide. |
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Define:
Deoxy sugar |
A saccharide produced by replacement of an OH group by H
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Define:
Disaccharide |
A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
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Define:
Epimer |
Sugars that differ only by the configuration at one C atom (excluding the anomeric carbon)
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Define:
Furanose |
A sugar with a five-member ring.
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Define:
Glycogen |
An α(1 → 6) branched polymer of α(1 → 4)-linked glucose residues that serves as a glucose storage molecule in animals.
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Define:
Glycolipid |
A lipid to which a carbohydrate is covalently attached
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Define:
Glycoprotein |
A protein to which a carbohydrate is covalently attached.
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Define:
Glycan |
A polemeric carbohydrate containing multiple monosaccharide residues.
Also called a polysaccharide. |
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Define:
Glycosaminoglycan |
An unbranched polysaccharide consisting of alternating residues of uronic acid and hexosamine.
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Define:
Glycosidic bond |
The covalent linkage (acetal or ketal) between the anomeric carbon of a saccharide and an alcohol (O-glycosidic bond) or an amine (N-glycosidic bond). Glycosidic bonds link the monosaccharide residues of a polysaccharide.
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Define:
Glycosylation |
The attachment of carbohydrate chains to a protein through N- or O-glycosidic linkages.
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Define:
Hemiacetal |
The product of the reaction between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of an aldehyde.
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Define:
Hemiketal |
The product of the reaction between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of a ketone.
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Define:
Heteropolysaccharide |
A polysaccharide consisting of more than one type of monosaccharide.
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Define:
Homopolysaccharide |
A polysaccharide consisting of one type of monosaccharide unit.
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Define:
Ketose |
A sugar whose carbonyl group is a ketone.
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Define:
Monosaccharide |
A carbohydrate consisting of a single saccharide (sugar)
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Define:
N-linked oligosaccharide |
An olidosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond to the amide group of a protein Asn residue in the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr
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Define:
O-linked oligosaccharide |
An oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond to the hydroxyl group of a protein Ser or Thr side chain
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Define:
Oligosaccharide |
A polymeric carbohydrate containing a few monosaccharide residues.
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Define:
Peptidoglycan |
The cross-linked bag-shaped macromolecules consisting of polysaccharide and polypeptide chains that form bacterial cell walls.
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Define:
Polysaccharide |
A polymeric carbohydrate containing multiple monosaccharide residues.
Also called a glycan |
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Define:
Proteoglycan |
An extracellular aggregate of protein and glycosaminoglycan.
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Define:
Pyranose |
A sugar with a six-member ring.
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Define:
Reducing Sugar |
A saccharide bearing an anomeric carbon that has ot formed a glycosidic bond and can therefore reduce mild oxidizing agents.
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Define:
Starch |
A mixture of linear and branched glucose polymers that serve as the principal energy reserves of plants.
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Define:
Uronic Acid |
A sugar produced by oxidation of an aldose primary alcohol group to a carboxylic acid group.
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