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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do life history traits represent? |
The schedule of an organism's life |
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Life history traits are shaped by what? |
Trade-offs |
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T or F: organisms differ in the number of times they reproduce |
True |
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T or F: Not all organisms become senescent |
False, all do |
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What are life histories sensitive to? |
Environmental conditions |
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Life is _____ |
limited |
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What are the three paths that life can take? |
No limit with exponential decrease, constant size, or growth too slow which leads to extinction |
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schedule of an organisms growth, development, reproduction and survival |
Life History |
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What is a trade off that happens to parents with offspring? |
one can either put resources in self or offspring |
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What reproductive qualities vary across species? |
How long or how many offspring each period or how many times they reproduce |
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Number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode |
Fecundity |
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What tradeoff occurs with respect to fecundity? |
A few large offspring or many small offspring |
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number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences |
Parity |
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What tradeoff occurs with respect to parity? |
How often to breed? |
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Longevity |
Length of life, from birth to death |
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Maturity |
When an organism can reproduce |
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What trade off occurs with respect to maturity? |
At what age and size to reproduce, how fast to grow and develop and when to undergo metamorphosis |
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What traits have to do with the parental generation? |
Fecundity, Parity and Longevity |
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time and energy given to an offspring by its parents |
parental investment |
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What is meant by the slow to fast continuum? |
how slow or fast an organism is to reproduce |
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Seed sizes are ______ for larger plants |
larger |
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number of offspring is negatively related to what? |
Offspring size |
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What does an increase in mass of an organism lead to? |
Faster metabolism (when you look on the species level) |
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What are the four characteristics of a typical "slow" life history? |
1. Long time to sexual maturity 2. Long life span 3. Few offspring 4. High parental investment |
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What are some examples of slow life histories organisms? |
Predators, large trees like oaks |
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What are the four characteristics of a typical "fast" life history? |
1. Short time to sexual maturity 2. Short life span 3. Many offspring 4. Little parental investment |
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What are the life history traits in plants that must be balanced? |
Competitors, stress toleration, and ruderals |
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Where do competitors tend to arise? |
environments where the plants are close together |
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What is the key trait of ruderals? |
They can withstand increasing disturbances, such as flooding, land use, agriculture, and paving surfaces |
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What types of things do stress tolerator plants deal with? |
Extreme temperatures, or high salinity |
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Potential growth rate of stress tolerators |
slow |
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Age of sexual maturity of stress tolerators |
late |
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Proportion of energy used to make seeds in stress tolerators |
Low |
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Importance of vegetative reproduction of stress tolerators |
Frequently important |
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Potential growth rate of competitors |
Fast |
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Age of sexual maturity of competitors |
Early |
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Proportion of energy used to make seeds of competitors |
Low |
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Importance of vegetative reproduction of competitors |
Often important |
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Potential growth rate of ruderals |
Fast |
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Age of sexual maturity of ruderals |
Early |
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Proportion of energy used to make seeds of ruderals |
High |
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Importance of vegetative reproduction of ruderals |
Rarely important |
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What is vegetative reproduction? |
Budding where leaf or other tissue becomes new individual |
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once energy allocate to one function (body size, seed size) cant be allowed to something else |
Principle of allocation |
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Fitness |
number of surviving offspring |
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What is a typical reproductive example of the principle of allocation or tradeoff? |
Offspring number vs size |
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What happens as the number of offspring increases? |
The amount of care per offspring decreases |
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As offspring per reproduction increases, the size of each of the offspring__________ |
decreases |
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Why does the European Magpie typically have seven eggs? |
It offers the maximum benefit of number of offspring that successfully leave the nest with the number of eggs |
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Too much parental care (effort) leaded to ________ parental survival |
decreased |
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Is parental care vs. parental survival a strong or weak tradeoff? |
Very strong |
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Individuals do not grow any more once reproduction starts |
Determinate growth |
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The number of offspring in determinate growth may stay what? |
Constant |
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Traits of an individual that exhibits determinate growth (# of offspring, survival probability, lifespan) |
Number of offspring may stay constant, survival probability flattens out, slow longer life span |
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Traits of indeterminate growth organisms (lifespan, Number of offspring, probability of survival) |
Fast, short lifespan, number of offspring can grow or fluctuate, probability of survival increase possibly |
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Individual continue to grow after reproduction starts |
Indeterminate growth |
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Question about tradeoffs in Trinidadian guppies Which data correspond to which treatment? |
Blue, Red= blue is low predation and slow and red is high predation and fast, high predation would have smaller average sizes |
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What are the Traits of organisms in high predation as it relates to (age at first female brood, age at maturity, brood size, interbrood interval, reproductive allotment, generation time, probability of survival,senescence in physiological performance) |
younger at first brood and maturity, larger brood size with a shorter interbrood interval, larger reproductive allotment (weight of embryos), faster generation time, low probability of survival, rapid decline in fast start response |
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What are the traits of an organism in low predation as it relates to (age at first female brood, age at maturity, brood size, interbrood interval, reproductive allotment, generation time, probability of survival,senescence in physiological performance) |
Older at sexual maturity and first brood, smaller brood size, longer interbrood interval, smaller reproductive allotment, slower generation time, more probability for survival, slower decline in fast start response |
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organisms reproduce only once during their lifetime |
Semelparity |
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Organisms reproduce multiple times during their life |
Iteroparity |
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an organism that has a lifepsan of one year |
Annual |
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an organisms that has a life span of more than once year |
Perennial |
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Sockeye fish spawn where |
in Freshwater rivers |
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Agove is |
semelpleity |
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Sockeye salmon are |
semelpearous |
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Agave have a low What? |
Root to shoot ratio |
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Agave are |
semelparous |
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Why are agave semelparous? |
energy for stalk and flowers, little energy for roots |
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Fires lead to what type of life cycle? |
Semelparous because they favor a single reproductive event |
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Steroperity has less fire but also less what? |
Precipitation |
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decline in biological function involving decreases in fecundity and survival |
senescence |
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T or F: it is impossible for an organism to have no post reproductive lifespan |
False, they can |
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Which of the following would reduce the rate of senescence the least? |
Increase rate of cell divison |
