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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True/False
All children in Pre-K are disfluent. |
True
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True/False
75-80% of all people who stutter become fluent. |
True
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True/False
20% of all people who stutter remain disfluent. |
True
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True/False
Stuttering exists world-wide. |
True
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What percentage of the world's population are people who stutter?
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1 percent
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What are the 3 elements of stuttering?
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1. Core behaviors
2. Secondary behaviors 3. Disfluency Related Feelings and Attitudes |
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What are core behaviors of stuttering?
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1. Repitions-more than 2
2. prolongations 3. blocks |
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What is fluency?
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Natural, effortless speech flow. Speaking with a forward flow of speech. No interuptions to the speech flow.
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What is disfluency?
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An interuption in speech, whether it is normal or not
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What is stuttering?
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Abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech.
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What are core behaviors?
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Basic behaviors that occur first in the development of stuttering. GENERAL order.
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What are four things that would be repeated in the core behaviors to cause stuttering?
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1. sound
2. syllable 3. whole word 4. phrase |
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What is a prolongation?
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sound or airflow continues but mvmt. of articulators stopped—1/2 second or more. Holding sound too long, most likely stuttering
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What is a block?
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inappropriate stoppage of airflow, voice or articulators---1/2 second or more
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What are secondary behaviors?
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Patterns which develop secondary to core behaviors as stutterer attempts to avoid stuttering. (People’s reaction to their stuttering.
) |
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What are two secondary behaviors?
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escape and avoidance behaviors.
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What are escape behaviors?
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(starters—old term) to get speech process going, things people do to hide f/ their stuttering. Things people do to fill the space.
Ex. eye blinks, jaw jerks, knee slap, interjection of sounds, etc. |
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What are avoidance behaviors?
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(postponements—old term)
a. word substitutions b. word circumlocutions c. situations |
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When is the onset of stuttering?
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18 months-12 years old.
Usually between 2-5 years old. |
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True/False
The onset of stuttering coincides with the period of rapid expansion of speech and language skills. |
True
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How many people in 100 are PWS?
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1
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True/False
More boys recover spontaneously (no therapy)from stuttering than girls. |
False
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What are the 3 characteristics of learned behavior?
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1. anticipation-predict difficult words
2. consistency- stutter on the same words 3. adaptation- stuttering decreased through repeated readings. |
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What are the "loci" of stuttering (the place where stuttering occurs more frequently)?
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-consonants
-initial position (word and sentence) -purposeful speech vs. isolated words -content vs. function words (not in very young children) -longer words -stressed syllables -increased length and complexity of language |
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What are some fluency enhancing conditions (stuttering decreases under the following conditions)?
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-speaking alone
-speaking in unison -speaking to animal, infant, or toy -singing -delayed auditory feedback -aside comments -drugs/alcohol May reduce the communicative stress May change use of the motor speech system In general: slower rate/less effort/air flow |
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What ratio of PWS have a family history of stuttering?
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2/3
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What type of person is at the highest risk to pass it on?
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female who stutters or has family history of stuttering.
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True/False
Stuttering is multifactoral-integration of both genetic and environmental factors. |
True
Environmental factors would be an overload of language learning. |