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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Motivation |
The process of initiating, sustaining and directing the activities of the organism |
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Primary motives |
Based on biological needs necessary for survival Examples are hunger drive thirst drive and sex drive |
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Stimulus motives |
Innate needs for stimulation and Information Such as curiosity |
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Learned motives |
Motives based on learned needs, drives and goals |
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Biological factors in hunger |
Hypothalamus -Feeding center (on switch) Satiety center (off switch) Stomach contractions Blood sugar levels |
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Psychological factors of hunger |
-Emotions -learning and conditioning -Incentive |
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Biological factors in sex drive |
Hypothalamus and sex drive hormones |
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Psychological factors to sex drive |
-Emotions -learning and conditioning -Incentive |
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Optimal arousal theory |
performance is best when arousal or stimulation is not too high, and not too low. Relationship between arousal level and task performance |
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Yerkes-dodson law |
Complex tasks peak at lower levels of arousal while simple tasks peak at high levels of arousal The point at which the relationship between task and performance of arousal level change from positive to a negative correlation |
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Solomon's opponent-process theory |
when one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. (for example, fear-relief, pleasure-pain |
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Need for achievement |
the need for success or the attainment of excellence. Individuals will satisfy their needs through different means, and are driven to succeed for varying reasons both internal and external. |
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Need for affilation |
a person's need to feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within a social group |
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Intrinsic motivation |
Motivated because they enjoy doing it or because its the right thing to do -internal factors |
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External factor |
Motivated for a payoff (reward) -external factors |
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Maslows theory |
A theory of human motivation ●Self Actualization ●Anesthetic ●Intellectual ●Self-esteen ●Love and Belongingness ●Saftey ●Biological |
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Emotion |
Positive or negative feeling which occur in response to some stimuli, and which are accompanied by physiological arousal and related behavior |
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Components of emotion |
○Stimuli- thalamus ●Conscious awareness- cortex ○psysiological arousal- hypothalamus ●Related behavior- motor cortex |
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Frustration |
Occurs when motives are blocked |
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Conflict (4 Types) |
Occur when motives interfere with one another ○Approach/Approach ●Avoidance/Avoidance ○Approach/Avoidance ●Double Approach/Avoidance |
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Stages of lifespan |
●Prenatal period - pregnancy ○Neonatal period - newborn ●Infancy - (Birth-age 2) ○early childhood - ages 2-7 ●middle childhood - ages 7-11 ○Adolescence- ages 11-19 ●Early adulthood- ages 20-40 ○Middle adulthood- ages 40-65 ●Later adulthood- ages 65 and up |
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Nature vs nurture |
Do inherited traits or life experiences play a greater role in shaping your personality |
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Heredity environment interaction |
All traits depend both on genetic andenvironmental factors. Heredity andenvironment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act. ... But the effect of that defective gene expression depends on the environment in which it occurs. |
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Sex chromosomes |
Male-Sperm-XY Female-Egg-XX |
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Genes |
Dominant genes and recessive genes |
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Stages of prenatal development |
●Germinal (Zygote) -Conception-two weeks ○Embriotic ( Embrio) -Two weeks- 8 weeks Qualitative change ●Fetal stage (Fetus) 8 weeks to birth |
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Cephalocaudal development |
Top> down development |
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Proximaldistal development |
Cental> outward |
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Prenatal environmental influences |
•Drugs and chemical agents •Cigarettes •most medications •maternal disease •Age |
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Piagets theory stage 1 |
Sensorymotor stage (birth - two weeks) ●Learning to walk and crawl ○eye-hand cordination ●Here and now sensation ○object permanence
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Piagets theory stage 2 |
Preoperational stage. (2-7)
○Cant yet engage in logical thought ●cant understand conservation problems ○conservation of mass and liquid ●eggocentrism- cognitive self centeredness |
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Piaget theory stage 3 |
Concrete operational stage (7-11) ○Can now understand conservation problems ●can now engage in logical thought ○development of social cognition ●cant grasp abstract thought |
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Piaget theory stage 4 |
Formal operational stage. (11 -onward) ●can engage in abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning ○reason on a verbal level ●full adult logic |
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Erikson's thoery |
Puberty and searching for identity |
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Puberty ages |
Female. 9-11 Male. 11-14 |
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Agism |
Age discrimination |
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Disengagement thoery |
decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to Withdrawal from society |
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Activity thoery |
Older adults remain physically active and interactive |